G. Chiribella, G. M. D'Ariano, P. Perinotti, B. Valiron
We introduce a task---the "classical switch of black boxes"---that is easily implementable in a quantum laboratory, and we prove that it cannot be translated into a quantum circuit with fixed causal structure. The task involves assembling a circuit conditionally on the value of a classical bit. We also introduce a generalization of the same task---the "quantum switch"---where the control is performed by a quantum bit, that can thus become entangled with the circuit structure, and propose a scheme for its implementation.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.0195
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