Preeti Yadav, R. Srikanth, Anirban Pathak
The Goldenberg-Vaidman (GV) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, which uses orthogonal encoding states, works by restricting the class of operations available to an eavesdropper. We point out that its security arises ultimately from duality, whereas that of BB84-class protocols arises from Heisenberg uncertainty. We generalize the GV protocol to protocols based on encoding with multi-partite orthogonal states, by modifying existing schemes for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC). However, the method of timing the wavepackets, crucial to GV, is no longer needed, and is replaced with a procedure for re-ordering the particles. The security of the extended GV protocol is shown to arise from monogamy of entanglement, which may in this sense be regarded as generalizing duality. The tolerable error rate is determined under a simple single-qubit attack model.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.4304
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